Protista

PROTISTA

Characteristics :

1.              Eukariotic

2.              Unicellular or multicellular

3.              Soliter or colony

4.              Have not yet shown real tissue differentiation.

5.              Respiration by diffussion

6.              Reproduce asexually by binary fission and sexually by conjugation, isogamy, or anisogamy.

The Members of Protist

A.   Animal-like Protist (Protozoa)

B.   Fungus-like Protista (Protista mirip jamur)

C.   Plant-like Protista (Alga/Ganggang)

A.    Animal-like Protist (Protozoa)

Berasal dari bahasa Yunani; protos = pertama + zoon = hewan

Ciri-ciri :

1.   Ukurannya sangat kecil (100-300 mikron), bersel satu, ataupun berkoloni.

2.   Bentuk sel umumnya konstan, oval, bola, bulat agak memanjang

3.   Inti sel satu atau banyak dengan organela-organela.

4.   Tidak memiliki jaringan atau organ

5.   Cara hidup, ada yang hidup bebas, komensal, mutualistik, atau parasitik.

6.   Cara mendapatkan makan : holozoik, saprofitik, saprozoik, dan holofitik

7.   Reproduksi : asexual dengan pembelahan biner, membelah jadi banyak atau dengan tunas. Sexual dengan konjugasi dan peleburan antargamet.

Berdasarkan alat geraknya Phylum Protozoa dibagi menjadi 4 Classis, yaitu :

1.  Rhizopoda/Sarcodina (rhizo = akar ; podia = kaki)

a.    Bergerak dengan kaki semu (pseudopodia)

b.    Habitat di air tawar atau laut dan tempat basah atau parasit pada tubuh manusia dan hewan.

Contoh : Amoeba proteus, Entamoeba hystolica, Entamoeba ginggivalis

2.  Flagellata/Mastigophora (Yunani : mastig=cambuk) / (Latin : flagel=cambuk)

a.    Alat gerak berupa flagel (bulu cambuk).

b.    Hidup parasit atau hidup bebas di air laut dan air tawar.

c.    Permukaan tubuhnya dilapisi kutikula sehingga mempunyai bentuk yang tetap.

            Contoh : Volvox globator, Noctiluca miliaris, Euglena, Trypanosoma gambiense, Leishmania

3.  Cilliata/Cilliophora (cilia=bulu/rambut getar)

a.    Alat gerak berupa silia (bulu getar).

b.    Hidup bebas di air tawar / tempat lembab, atau sebagai parasit.

c.    Bentuk tubuh tetap.

d.    Reproduksi secara aseksual (membelah diri) dan seksual (konjugasi).

Contoh : Paramaecium, Stentor, Vorticella, Didinium, Stylonychia, Balantidium coli.

4.  Sporozoa

a.    Tidak mempunyai alat gerak.

b.    Hidup sebagai parasit dan menghasilkan spora (endospora).

c.    Reproduksi secara seksual (sporogoni) dan aseksual (pembelahan biner).

Contoh : Plasmodium, Toxoplasma.

B.    Fungus-like Protist (Protista mirip Jamur)

1.   Myxomycota (plasmodium of slime mould)

2.   Oomycota (water fungus)

3.   Acrasiomycota (cellular slime mould)

1.    Myxomycota

a.  The shape is like  Protozoa and fungus-like

b.  Reproduce by spore

c.  Generally they can be found in rubbish, rotten wood (decayed log), or leaves in the forest.

Example : Physarium polycephalum, Arcyria, and Lycogala

2.    Oomycota

a.  The body of Oomycota is composed of hypha thread.

b.  Reproduce vegetative by zoospora with flagell and generative by fussion of gamet.

c.  Live as saprophytic or parasitic in water or plant.

            Contoh : Saprolegnia, Phytium, dan Phytophtora

3.    Acrasiomycota (cellular slime mould)

a.  It is a transitional form between the form of amoeba and fruit body of spore producer.

b.  Bergerak dan memfagositosis makanan dengan kaki semu.

c.  Habitat in fresh water, humid soil, or part of putrefied plant.

d.  Have pseudoplasmodium which is used for fagocytes food.

            Contoh : Dyctiostelium

C.    Algae / Ganggang (Protista mirip Tumbuhan)

a.   Uniseluler or multiseluler, has thallus (do not have tissue differentiation and have no real roots, leaves, or stems)

b.   Has cell wall from selulose.

c.   Eukaryotic.

d.   Autotrof (capable of photosynthesis).

e.   Generally live freely in aquatic or damp habitats like puddles, ponds, lakes, rivers, swamps, seas, soil, rocks, or trees.

f.    As producers or phytoplankton.

Classification of Algae (according to Campbell, 1998) :

1.  Chlorophyta (Green Algae)

2.  Chrysophyta (Golden Algae)

3.  Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)

4.  Rhodophyta (Red Algae)

5.  Euglenophyta

6.  Bacillariophyta (Diatom)

7.  Dinoflagellata

1.     Chlorophyta (Green Algae)

The characteristics of Algae are:

a.  Unicellular or multicelluler, solitarily or in colony.

b.  Generaly have green pigment (chlorofil), also have yellow pigment (caroten) / green into yellow.

c.  Asexual reproduction by binary fission, fragmentation, and form spore, sexual by isogamy and heterogamy.

d.  Habitat is in pool, lake, brackish water, and seawater.

e.  Abaut 7.000 species.

Example : Spirogyra, Ulva, Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Oedogonium, Ulothrix, Protococcus, Desmid

Contoh anggota Chlorophyta berdasarkan morfologi :

a.  Bersel satu tidak bergerak : Chlorella, Chlorococcum

b.  Bersel satu bergerak : Chlamydomonas

c.  Bersel satu, berkoloni tidak bergerak : Hydrodictyon

d.  Bersel satu, berkoloni bergerak : Volvox

e.  Bentuk lembaran : Ulva lactuva

2.     Chrysophyte (Golden Alga)

a.    Has pigment of golden-yellow (caroten).

b.    Live by colony.

c.    Some golden algae have no cell wall, so they can move like Amoeba or animal cell.

d.    Can be found in fresh water and in sea water.

e.    About 1.700 species.

f.      Reproduce asexual by binary fission and done by spore formation and sexual done by the formation of zygospore.

Example : Dinobryon dan Vaucheria

3.     Phaeophyte (Brown Algae)

a.    Multicelular (more than 100 meter).

b.    In general live in the sea.

c.    Contain food substance of laminarin oil and alginatic acid (gelatin)

d.    Have air bag.

e.    Have brown pigmen (fukoxantin), chlorophyl a and c, xantofil, and caroten.

f.      Reproduce asexual by fragmentation and sexual by metagenesis.

Example : Laminaria, Fucus, Sargassum

4.     Rhodophyte (red alga)

a.This alga has red color, because of phycoerythrin pigment, other pigments are chlorophyl a and d, carotene, and phycocyanine.

b.In general lives in the sea, some live in the fresh water.

c. Some of its thallus consist of one cell, but some also have the shape of thread.

d.Its asexual reproduction by spore has life cycle between gametophyte phase and sporophyte phase.

e.They produce agar-agar.

Example : Gellidium, Eucheuma, Gracillaria, and Chondrus

5.     Euglenophyte

a.     In general it is autothrophic only a small part is heterotrophic.

b.     Its body consists of one cell and has light green color.

c.      Has no cell wall so it can move freely.

d.     Has eye spot (stigma) that can be used to regulate cell movement  to the light.

e.     Exchanges water with to its environment osmotically using contractile vacuole.

Example : Euglena viridis

6.     Bacillariophyta (Diatom)

a.   Has one cell or makes colony where each cell has one nucleus and one or two chloroplast.

b.   Chloroplast contains chlorophyl a and c also various yellow and brown pigment.

c.   Cell wall consists of two parts which a similar to a box, one is the basic part (hypoteca) and the other one is the cover (epiteca). Its cell wall is composes of pectin and silicate.

d.   Diatom can be found in the pool, lake, river, ditches, aquarium, rice-field, dam, and the sea.

e.   The reproduction of Diatom is asexual (dividing itself) and sexual (conjugation).

Example : Pinnularia, Navicula, Melosira, Cyclotella

7.     Dinoflagellate (Pyrrophyte)

a.  Contains a lot of carotenoid, so its look is often golden, brown, or red rather than green.

b.  In general has chloroplast (chlorophyl a and b) and vacuola contractile.

c.  In general has autothropic, some have heterothropic.

d.  Its reproduction is asexual by dividing itself, but some produce kist (rest stadium) which is sexually in nature.

e.  It causes phenomenon of red tide (the color of sea water suddenly changes into red).

Example : Protogonyaulax, Gymnodium, and Gonyaulax

Benefits of Protist

1.  Advantageous Protista

a.    As plankton, such as Euglena is indicator of water/river pollution.

b.    As indicator for petroleum, example Radiolarian’s shell and Foraminiferan’s shell.

c.    Decompose food and form vit.K in human digestion

d.    As decomposer in the ecosystem of fresh water, ex: Saprolegnia

e.    Used to make ointment, ice cream, tablet, and after shave cream (Sargassum, Fucus, and  Turbinaria).

f.      Useful for isolation material, scouring material, insulator material for dynamite (tri nitro glyserine/TNT), make strainer, and for cement mixture, example Navicula (diatomik).

g.    As an adhesive in plastic industry, cosmetics, and textile production, example Macrocystis and Laminaria.

h.    Produce agar-agar, example Eucheuma, Gracillaria, Gellidium

i.      Source a highly nutritious food supplement, example Chlorella.

j.      As vegetables, example Ulva, Caulerpa, Enteromorpha

2.  Disadvantageous Protista

a.    To Human

-   Cause diseases and even death to human (sleeping sickness, chagas, malaria, kalaazar, dysentery, etc).

b.    To animal.

-   Cause diseases and even death to animal (abortion to goat, cow, and surra ) Trichomonas bovis & T. foetus

-   Parasites of other aquatic organism/fish (Saprolegnia)

3. To plants

a. Cause diseases (Phytophtora , Phytium, Plasmopara).

by : Guru Bio Smansa Pemalang (dari berbagai sumber)